We are obliged to the Pali Text Society, London for kind permission to reproduce
the translations collected here, excepting the last item which has been taken
from Bhikkhu Buddharakkhita's rendering of the "Dhammapada," published
by the Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore (India).
Contents
· 1. No Other Single Thing (Anguttara, Ones)
· 2. Discourse to Ganaka-Moggallana (M 107)
· 3. Vijitasena's Verses (Theragatha vv. 355-359)
· 4. Discourse on the "Tamed Stage" (M 125)
· 5. Dantika's Verses (Therigatha vv. 48-50)
· 6. The Goad (Anguttara, Fours)
· 7. The Chapter on the Mind (Dhammapada)
1. No Other Single Thing
(Anguttara, Ones)
Monks, I know not of any other single thing so intractable as the untamed mind.
The untamed mind is indeed a thing untractable.
Monks, I know not of any other thing so tractable as the tamed mind. The tamed
mind is indeed a thing tractable.
Monks, I know not of any other single thing so conducive to great loss as the
untamed mind. The untamed mind indeed conduces to great loss.
Monks, I know not of any other single thing so conducive to great profit as
the tamed mind. The tamed mind indeed conduces to great profit.
Monks, I know not of any other single thing that brings such woe as the mind
that is untamed, uncontrolled, unguarded and unrestrained. Such a mind indeed
brings great woe.
Monks, I know not of any other single thing that brings such bliss as the mind
that is tamed, controlled, guarded and restrained. Such a mind indeed brings
great bliss.
-- Gradual Sayings (Anguttara Nikaya), The Book of the Ones, Ch. IV Translated
by F. L. Woodward
2. Discourse to Ganaka-Moggallana
(Majjhima Nikaya 107)
Thus I have heard: At one time the Lord was staying near Savatthi in the palace
of Migara's mother in the Eastern Monastery. Then the brahman Ganaka-Moggallana
approached the Lord; having approached he exchanged greetings with the Lord;
having conversed in a friendly and courteous way, he sat down at a respectful
distance. As he was sitting down at a respectful distance, Ganaka-Moggallana
the brahman spoke thus to the Lord: "Just as, good Gotama, in this palace
of Migara's mother there can be seen a gradual training, a gradual doing, a
gradual practice, that is to say as far as the last flight of stairs,[1] so,
too, good Gotama, for these brahmans there can be seen a gradual training, a
gradual doing, a gradual practice, that is to say in the study [of the Vedas];[2]
so too, good Gotama, for these archers there can be seen a gradual... practice,
that is to say in archery; so too, good Gotama, for us whose livelihood is calculation[3]
there can be seen a gradual training, a gradual practice, that is to say in
accountancy. For when we get a pupil, good Gotama, we first of all make him
calculate: 'One one, two twos, three threes, four fours, five fives, six sixes,
seven sevens, eight eights, nine nines, ten tens,' and we, good Gotama, also
make him calculate a hundred. Is it not possible, good Gotama, to lay down a
similar gradual training, gradual doing, gradual practice in respect of this
dhamma and discipline?"
"It is possible, brahman, to lay down a gradual training, a gradual doing,
a gradual practice in respect of this dhamma and discipline, Brahman, even a
skilled trainer of horses, having taken on a beautiful thoroughbred first of
all gets it used to the training in respect of wearing the bit. Then he gets
it used to further training -- even so brahman, the Tathagata, having taken
on a man to be tamed, first of all disciplines him thus:
Morality
"'Come you, monk, be of moral habit, live controlled by the control of
the Obligations, endowed with [right] behavior and posture, seeing peril in
the slightest fault and, undertaking them, train yourself in the rules of training.'
As soon, brahman, as the monk is of moral habit, controlled by the control of
the Obligations, endowed with [right] behavior and posture; seeing peril in
the slightest fault and, undertaking them, trains himself in the rules of training,
the Tathagata disciplines him further saying:
Sense-control
"'Come you monk, be guarded as to the doors of the sense-organs; having
seen a material shape with the eye, do not be entranced with the general appearance,
do not be entranced with the detail; for if one dwells with the organ of sight
uncontrolled, covetousness and dejection, evil, unskillful states of mind, may
flow in. So fare along controlling it, guard the organ of sight, achieve control
over the organ of sight. Having heard a sound with the ear... Having smelt a
smell with the nose... Having savored a taste with the tongue... Having felt
a touch with the body... Having cognized a mental state with the mind, do not
be entranced with the detail. For if one dwells with the organ of mind uncontrolled,
covetousness and dejection, evil, unskillful states of mind, may flow in. So
fare along controlling it; guard the organ of mind, achieve control over the
organ of mind.'
Moderation in eating
"As soon, brahman, as a monk is guarded as to the doors of the sense-organs,
the Tathagata disciplines him further, saying: 'Come you, monk, be moderate
in eating; you should take food reflecting carefully, not for fun or indulgence
or personal charm or beautification, but taking just enough for maintaining
this body and keeping it going, for keeping it unharmed, for furthering the
Brahma-faring,[4] with the thought: Thus will I crush out an old feeling, and
I will not allow a new feeling to arise, and then there will be for me subsistence
and blamelessness and abiding in comfort.'
Vigilance
"As soon, brahman, as a monk is moderate in eating, the Tathagata disciplines
him further, saying: 'Come you, monk, dwell intent on vigilance; during the
day while pacing up and down, while sitting down, cleanse the mind of obstructive
mental states; during the middle watch of the night, lie down on the right side
in the lion posture, foot resting on foot, mindful, clearly conscious, reflecting
on the thought of getting up again; during the last watch of the night, when
you have arisen, while pacing up and down, while sitting down, cleanse the mind
of obstructive mental states.'
Mindfulness and clear consciousness
"As soon, brahman, as a monk is intent on vigilance, the Tathagata disciplines
him further, saying: 'Come you, monk, be possessed of mindfulness and clear
consciousness, acting with clear consciousness whether you are approaching or
departing, acting with clear consciousness whether you are looking ahead or
looking round, acting with clear consciousness whether you are bending in or
stretching out [the arms], acting with clear consciousness whether you are carrying
the outer cloak, the bowl or robe, acting with clear consciousness whether you
are eating, drinking, munching, savoring, acting with clear consciousness whether
you are obeying the calls of nature, acting with clear consciousness whether
you are walking, standing, sitting, asleep, awake, talking or being silent.'
Overcoming of the five hindrances
"As soon, brahman, as he is possessed of mindfulness and clear consciousness,
the Tathagata disciplines him further, saying: 'Come you, monk, choose a remote
lodging in a forest, at the root of a tree, on a mountain slope, in a glen,
a hill cave, a cemetery, a woodland grove, in the open, or on a heap of straw.'
On returning from alms-gathering after the meal, the monk sits down crosslegged,
holding the back erect, having made mindfulness rise up in front of him. He,
getting rid of covetousness for the world, dwells with a mind devoid of covetousness,
he cleanses the mind of covetousness. Getting rid of the taint of ill-will,
he dwells benevolent in mind; compassionate and merciful towards all creatures
and beings, he cleanses the mind of ill-will. Getting rid of sloth and torpor,
he dwells without sloth or torpor; perceiving the light, mindful and clearly
conscious he cleanses the mind of sloth and torpor. Getting rid of restlessness
and worry, he dwells calmly; the mind inward tranquil, he cleanses the mind
of restlessness and worry. Getting rid of doubt, he dwells doubt-crossed; unperplexed
as to the states that are skilled,[5] he cleanses his mind of doubt.
Jhana
"He, by getting rid of these five hindrances,[6] which are defilements
of the mind and deleterious to intuitive wisdom, aloof from pleasures of the
senses, aloof from unskilled states of mind, enters and abides in the first
meditation which is accompanied by initial thought and discursive thought, is
born of aloofness and is rapturous and joyful. By allaying initial thought and
discursive thought, his mind subjectively tranquilized and fixed on one point,
he enters and abides in the second meditation which is devoid of initial thought
and discursive thought, is born of concentration and is rapturous and joyful.
By the fading out of rapture, he dwells with equanimity, attentive and clearly
conscious, and experiences in his person that joy of which the ariyans[7] say:
'Joyful lives he who has equanimity and is mindful,' and he enters and abides
in the third meditation. By getting rid of anguish, by the going down of his
former pleasures and sorrows, he enters and abides in the fourth meditation
which has neither anguish nor joy, and which is entirely purified by equanimity
and mindfulness.
"Brahman, such is my instruction for those monks who are learners who,
perfection being not yet attained, dwell longing for the incomparable security
from the bonds. But as for those monks who are perfected ones, the cankers destroyed,
who have lived the life, done what was to be done, shed the burden, attained
to their own goal, the fetters of becoming utterly destroyed, and who are freed
by perfect profound knowledge -- these things conduce both to their abiding
in ease here and now as well as to their mindfulness and clear consciousness."
When this had been said, the brahman Ganaka-Moggallana spoke thus to the Lord:
"Now, on being exhorted thus and instructed thus by the good Gotama, do
all the good Gotama's disciples attain the unchanging goal[8] -- nibbana or
do some not attain it?"
"Some of my disciples, brahman, on being exhorted and instructed thus by
me, attain the unchanging goal -- nibbana; some do not attain it."
"What is the cause, good Gotama, what the reason that; since nibbana does
exist, since the way leading to nibbana exists, since the good Gotama exists
as adviser, some of the good Gotama's disciples on being exhorted thus and instructed
thus by the good Gotama, attain the unchanging goal -- nibbana, but some do
not attain it?"
"Well then, brahman, I will question you on this point in reply. As it
is pleasing to you, so you may answer me. What do you think about this, brahman?
Are you skilled in the way leading to Rajagaha?"
"Yes, sir, skilled am I in the way leading to Rajagaha."
"What do you think about this? A man might come along here wanting to go
to Rajagaha. Having approached you, he might speak thus: 'I want to go to Rajagaha,
sir; show me the way to this Rajagaha.' You might speak thus to him: "Yes,
my good man, this road goes to Rajagaha; go along it for a while. When you have
gone along it for a while you will see a village; go along for a while; when
you have gone along for a while you will see a market town; go for a while.
When you have gone along for a while you will see Rajagaha with its delightful
parks, delightful forests, delightful fields, delightful ponds. But although
he has been exhorted and instructed thus by you, he might take the wrong road
and go westwards. Then a second man might come along wanting to go to Rajagaha...(as
above)... you will see Rajagaha with its delightful... ponds.' Exhorted and
instructed thus by you he might get to Rajagaha safely. What is the cause, brahman,
what the reason that, since Rajagaha does exist, since the way leading to Rajagaha
exists, since you exist as adviser, the one man, although being exhorted and
instructed thus by you, may take the wrong road and go westwards while the other
may get to Rajagaha safely?"
"What can I, good Gotama, do in this matter? A shower of the way, good
Gotama, am I."
"Even so, brahman, nibbana does exist, the way leading to nibbana exists
and I exist as adviser. But some of my disciples, on being exhorted and instructed
thus by me attain the unchanging goal -- nibbana, some do not attain it. What
can I, brahman, do in this matter? A shower of the way, brahman, is a Tathagata."
When this had been said, the brahman Ganaka-Moggallana spoke thus to the Lord:
"Good Gotama, as for those persons who, in want of a way of living, having
gone forth from home into homelessness without faith, who are crafty, fraudulent,
deceitful, who are unbalanced and puffed up, who are shifty, scurrilous and
of loose talk, the doors of whose sense-organs are not guarded, who do not know
moderation in eating, who are not intent on vigilance, indifferent to recluseship,
not of keen respect for the training, who are ones for abundance, lax, taking
the lead in backsliding, shirking the burden of seclusion, who are indolent,
of feeble energy, of confused mindfulness, not clearly conscious, not concentrated
but of wandering minds, who are weak in wisdom, drivellers -- the good Gotama
is not in communion with them. But as for those young men of respectable families
who have gone forth from home into homelessness from faith, who are not crafty,
fraudulent or deceitful, who are not unbalanced or puffed up, who are not shifty,
scurrilous or of loose talk, the doors of whose sense-organs are guarded, who
know moderation in eating, who are intent on vigilance, longing for recluseship,
of keen respect for the training, who are not ones for abundance, not lax, shirking,
backsliding, taking the lead in seclusion, who are of stirred up energy, self-resolute,
with mindfulness aroused, clearly conscious, concentrated, their minds one-pointed,
who have wisdom, are not drivellers -- the good Gotama is in communion with
them. As, good Gotama, black gum is pointed to as chief of root-scents, as red
sandalwood is pointed to as chief of the pith-scents, as jasmine is pointed
to as chief of the flower scents -- even so is the exhortation of the good Gotama
highest among the teachings of today. Excellent, good Gotama, excellent, good
Gotama. As, good Gotama, one might set upright what had been upset, or disclose
what had been covered, or show the way to one who had gone astray, or bring
an oil-lamp into the darkness so that those with vision might see material shapes
-- even so in many a figure is dhamma made clear by the good Gotama. I am going
to the revered Gotama for refuge and to dhamma and to the Order of monks May
the good Gotama accept me as a lay-follower going for refuge from today forth
for as long as life lasts."
* * *
Notes
1. A seven-storied palace is not to be built in one day [Commentary].
2. It is not possible to learn the three Vedas by heart in one day [Commentary].
3. Ganana. From this profession of his, the distinguishing addition to the brahman's
name is derived [Ed., The Wheel].
4. Brahmacariyam. This refers to the pure life of a celibate recluse [Ed., The
Wheel].
5. Kusala. Sometimes translated by "salutary, profitable, karmically wholesome."
[Ed., The Wheel].
6. On these, see The Wheel No. 26.
7. Ariya refers here, according to the Visuddhimagga, to the Enlightened Ones.
8. Accantanittha. Accanta can also mean "utmost, culminating, supreme."
3. Vijitasena's Verses
(Theragatha vv. 355-359)
I shall fasten you, mind, like an elephant at a small gate. I shall not incite
you to evil, you net of sensual pleasure, body-born.
When fastened, you will not go, like an elephant not finding the gate open.
Witch-mind, you will not wander again, and again, using force, delighting in
evil.
As the strong hook-holder makes an untamed elephant, newly taken, turn against
its will, so shall I make you turn.
As the excellent charioteer, skilled in the taming of excellent horses, tames
a thoroughbred, so shall I, standing firm in the five powers, tame you.
I shall bind you with mindfulness; with purified self shall cleanse (you). Restrained
by the yoke of energy you will not go far from here, mind.
-- Theragatha vv. 355-59, Vijitasena's verses Translated K.R. Norman The Elders'
Verses I P.T.S. '69
4. Discourse on the "Tamed Stage"
(Dantabhumi-sutta, Majjhima-Nikaya No. 125)
Thus have I heard: At one time the Lord was staying near Rajagaha in the Bamboo
Grove at the squirrels' feeding place. Now at that time the novice Aciravata
was staying in the Forest Hut.[1] Then prince Jayasena,[2] who was always pacing
up and down, always roaming about on foot, approached the novice Aciravata;
having approached he exchanged greetings with the novice Aciravata; having exchanged
greetings of friendliness and courtesy, he sat down at a respectful distance.
While he was sitting down at a respectful distance, Prince Jayasena spoke thus
to the novice Aciravata:
"I have heard, good Aggivessana, that if a monk is abiding here diligent,
ardent, self-resolute, he may attain one-pointedness of mind."
"That is so, prince; that is so, prince. A monk abiding here diligent,
ardent, self-resolute, may attain one-pointedness of mind."
"It were good if the reverend Aggivessana were to teach me dhamma as he
has heard it, as he has mastered it."
"I, prince, am not able to teach you dhamma as I have heard it, as I have
mastered it. Now, if I were to teach you dhamma as I have heard it, as I have
mastered it, and if you could not understand the meaning of what I said, that
would be weariness to me, that would be a vexation to me."
"Let the reverend Aggivessana teach me dhamma as he has heard it, as he
has mastered it. Perhaps I could understand the meaning of what the good Aggivessana
says."
"If I were to teach you dhamma, prince, as I have heard it, as I have mastered
it, and if you were to understand the meaning of what I say, that would be good;
if you should not understand the meaning of what I say, you must remain as you
are: you must not question me further on the matter."
"Let the reverend Aggivessana teach me dhamma as he has heard it, as he
has mastered it. If I understand the meaning of what the good Aggivessana says,
that will be good; if I do not understand the meaning of what the good Aggivessana
says, I will remain as I am; I will not question the reverend Aggivessana further
on this matter."
Then the novice Aciravata taught dhamma to Prince Jayasena as he had heard it,
as he had mastered it. When this had been said, Prince Jayasena spoke thus to
the novice Aciravata:
"This is impossible, good Aggivessana, it cannot come to pass that a monk
abiding diligent, ardent, self-resolute, should attain one-pointedness of mind."
Then Prince Jayasena, having declared to the novice Aciravata that this was
impossible and could not come to pass, rising from his seat, departed.
And soon after Prince Jayasena had departed, the novice Aciravata approached
the Lord; having approached and greeted the Lord, he sat down at a respectful
distance. As he was sitting down at a respectful distance, the novice Aciravata
told the Lord the whole of the conversation he had with Prince Jayasena as far
as it had gone. When this had been said, the Lord spoke thus to the novice Aciravata:
"What is the good of that, Aggivessana? That Prince Jayasena, living as
he does in the midst of sense-pleasures, enjoying sense-pleasures, being consumed
by thoughts of sense-pleasures, burning with the fever of sense-pleasures, eager
in the search for sense-pleasures, should know or see or attain or realize that
which can be known by renunciation, seen by renunciation, attained by renunciation,
realized by renunciation -- such a situation does not exist. It is as if, Aggivessana,
among elephants or horses or oxen to be tamed, two elephants, two horses or
two oxen are well tamed, well trained, and two are not tamed, not trained. What
do you think about this, Aggivessana? Would these two elephants or horses or
oxen that were to be tamed and that were well tamed, well trained -- would these
on being tamed reach tamed capacity, would they, being tamed, attain a tamed
stage?"
"Yes, revered sir."
"But those two elephants or horses or oxen that were to be tamed but that
were neither tamed nor trained -- would these, not being tamed, attain a tamed
stage as do the two elephants or horses or oxen to be tamed that were well tamed,
well trained?"
"No, revered sir."
"Even so, Aggivessana, that Prince Jayasena, living as he does in the midst
of sense-pleasures... should know or see or attain or realize that which can
be known and realized by renunciation -- such a situation does not exist. It
is as if, Aggivessana, there were a great mountain slope near a village or a
market-town which two friends, coming hand in hand from that village or market-town
might approach; having approached the mountain slope one friend might remain
at the foot while the other might climb to the top. Then the friend standing
at the foot of the mountain slope might speak thus to the one standing on the
top: 'My dear, what do you see as you stand on the top of the mountain slope?'
He might reply: 'As I stand on the top of the mountain slope I, my dear, see
delightful parks, delightful woods, delightful stretches of level ground delightful
ponds.' But the other might speak thus: 'This is impossible, it cannot come
to pass, my dear, that, as you stand on the top of the mountain slope, you should
see . . . delightful ponds.' Then the friend who had been standing on top of
the mountain slope having come down to the foot and taken his friend by the
arm, making him climb to the top of the mountain slope and giving him a moment
in which to regain his breath, might speak to him thus: 'Now, my dear, what
is it that you see as you stand on the top of the mountain slope?' He might
speak thus: 'I, my dear, as I stand on the top of the mountain slope, see delightful
parks... delightful ponds.' He might speak thus: 'Just now, my dear, we understood
you to say: This is impossible, it cannot come to pass that, as you stand on
the top of the mountain slope, you should see delightful... ponds. But now we
understand you to say: 'I, my dear, as I stand on the top of the mountain slope,
see delightful parks... delightful ponds.' He might speak thus: 'That was because
I, my dear, hemmed in by this great mountain slope, could not see what was to
be seen.'
"Even so but to a still greater degree, Aggivessana, is Prince Jayasena
hemmed in, blocked, obstructed, enveloped by this mass of ignorance. Indeed,
that Prince Jayasena, living as he does in the midst of sense-pleasures, enjoying
sense-pleasures, being consumed by thoughts of sense-pleasures, eager in the
search for sense-pleasures, should know or see or attain or realize that which
can be known... seen... attained... realized by renunciation -- such a situation
does not exist. Had these two similes occurred to you, Aggivessana, for Prince
Jayasena, Prince Jayasena naturally would have acted in the manner of one having
trust in you."
"But how could these two similes for Prince Jayasena have occurred to me,
revered sir, seeing that they are spontaneous, that is to say to the Lord, and
have never been heard before?"
"As, Aggivessana, a noble anointed king addresses an elephant hunter saying;
'You, good elephant hunter, mount the king's elephant and go into an elephant
forest. When you see a forest elephant, tie him to the neck of the king's elephant.'
And, Aggivessana, the elephant hunter having answered: 'Yes, sire,' in assent
to the noble anointed king, mounts the king's elephant and goes into an elephant
forest. Seeing a forest elephant, he ties him to the neck of the king's elephant.
So the king's elephant brings him out into the open. But, Aggivessana, the forest
elephant has this longing, that is to say for the elephant forest. But in regard
to him the elephant hunter tells the noble anointed king that the forest elephant
has got out into the open. The noble anointed king then addresses an elephant
tamer, saying: 'Come you, good elephant tamer, tame the forest elephant by subduing
his forest ways, by subduing his forest memories, and aspirations and by subduing
his distress, his fretting and fever for the forest, by making him pleased with
the villages and by accustoming him to human ways.'
"And, Aggivessana, the elephant tamer, having answered 'Yes, sire,' in
assent to the noble anointed king, driving a great post into the ground ties
the forest elephant to it by his neck so as to subdue his forest ways... and
accustom him to human ways. Then the elephant tamer addresses him with such
words as are gentle, pleasing to the ear, affectionate, going to the heart,
urbane, pleasant to the manyfolk, liked by the manyfolk. And, Aggivessana, the
forest elephant, on being addressed with words that are gentle... liked by the
manyfolk, listens, lends ear and bends his mind to learning. Next the elephant
tamer supplies him with grass-fodder and water. When, Aggivessana, the forest
elephant has accepted the grass-fodder and water from the elephant tamer, it
occurs to the elephant tamer: 'The king's elephant will now live.' Then the
elephant tamer makes him do a further task, saying: 'Take up, put down.' When,
Aggivessana the king's elephant is obedient to the elephant tamer and acts on
his instructions to take up and put down, then the elephant tamer makes him
do a further task, saying: 'Get up, sit down.' When, Aggivessana, the king's
elephant is obedient to the elephant tamer and acts on his instructions to get
up and sit down, then the elephant tamer makes him do a further task; known
as 'standing your ground': he ties a shield to the great beast's trunk; a man
holding a lance is sitting on his neck, and men holding lances are standing
surrounding him on all sides; and the elephant tamer, holding a lance with a
long shaft, is standing in front. While he is doing the task of 'standing your
ground' he does not move a fore-leg nor does he move a hind-leg, nor does he
move the forepart of his body, nor does he move the hindpart of his body, nor
does he move his head, nor does he move an ear, nor does he move a tusk, nor
does he move his tail, nor does he move his trunk. A king's elephant is one
who endures blows of sword, axe, arrow, hatchet, and the resounding din of drum
and kettle-drum, conch and tam-tam, he is [like] purified gold purged of all
its dross and impurities, fit for a king, a royal possession and reckoned as
a kingly attribute.
(Acquisition of faith)
"Even so, Aggivessana, does a Tathagata arise here in the world, a perfected
one, fully Self-Awakened One, endowed with right knowledge and conduct, well-farer,
knower of the worlds, the matchless charioteer of men to be tamed, the Awakened
One, the Lord. He makes known this world with the devas, with Mara, with Brahma,
the creation with its recluses and brahmans, its devas and men, having realized
them by his own super-knowledge. He teaches dhamma which is lovely at the beginning,
lovely in the middle, lovely at the ending, with the spirit and the letters;
he proclaims the Brahma-faring,[3] wholly fulfilled, quite purified. A householder
or a householder's son or one born in another family hears that dhamma. Having
heard that dhamma he gains faith in the Tathagata. Endowed with this faith that
he has acquired, he reflects in this way: 'The household life is confined and
dusty, going forth is in the open; it is not easy for one who lives in a house
to fare the Brahma-faring wholly fulfilled, wholly pure, polished like a conch-shell.
Suppose now that I, having cut off hair and beard, having put on saffron robes,
should go forth from home into homelessness?' After a time, getting rid of his
wealth, be it small or great, getting rid of his circle of relations, be it
small or great, having cut off his hair and beard, having put on saffron robes,
he goes forth from home into homelessness. To this extent, Aggivessana, the
ariyan disciple gets out into the open.
(Morality)
"But, Aggivessana, devas and mankind have this longing, that is to say,
for the five strands of sense-pleasures. The Tathagata disciplines him further,
saying: 'Come you, monk, be moral, live controlled by the control of the Obligations,
possessed of [right] behavior and posture, seeing danger in the slightest faults;
undertaking them, train yourself in the rules of training.'
(Sense-Control)
"And when, Aggivessana, the ariyan disciple is moral, lives controlled
by the control..., undertaking them, trains himself in the rules of training,
then the Tathagata disciplines him further, saying: 'Come you, monk, be guarded
as to the doors of the sense-organs. Having seen a material shape with the eye...(as
above). Having cognized a mental state with the mind, be not entranced by the
general appearance, be not entranced by the detail. For if you dwell with the
organ of mind uncontrolled, covetousness and dejection, evil unskillful states
of mind, might flow in. So fare along with its control, guard the organ of mind,
achieve control over the organ of the mind.'
(Moderation in eating)
"And when, Aggivessana, the ariyan disciple is guarded as to the doors
of the sense-organs, then the Tathagata disciplines him further, saying: 'Come
you, monk, be moderate in eating...(as above)... abiding in comfort.'
(Vigilance)
"When, Aggivessana, the ariyan disciple is moderate in eating, the Tathagata
disciplines him further, saying: 'Come you, monk, abide intent on vigilance...(as
above)... you should cleanse the mind of obstructive mental states.
(Mindfulness and clear consciousness)
"And when, Aggivessana, the ariyan disciple is intent on vigilance, then
the Tathagata disciplines him further, saying: 'Come you, monk, be possessed
of mindfulness and clear consciousness. Be one who acts with clear consciousness...(as
above)... talking, silent.'
(Overcoming of the five hindrances)
"And when, Aggivessana, the ariyan disciple is possessed of mindfulness
and clear consciousness, then the Tathagata disciplines him further, saying:
'Come you, monk, choose a remote lodging in a forest, at the root of a tree,
on a mountain slope, in a wilderness, in a hill-cave, a cemetery, a forest haunt,
in the open or on a heap of straw.' He chooses a remote lodging in the forest...
or on a heap of straw. Returning from alms-gathering, after the meal, he sits
down cross-legged, holding the back erect, having made mindfulness rise up in
front of him, he, by getting rid of coveting for the world, dwells with a mind
devoid of coveting, he purifies the mind of coveting. By getting rid of the
taint of ill-will, he dwells benevolent in mind, compassionate for the welfare
of all creatures and beings, he purifies the mind of the taint of ill-will.
By getting rid of sloth and torpor, he dwells devoid of sloth and torpor; perceiving
the light, mindful, clearly conscious, he purifies the mind of sloth and torpor.
By getting rid of restlessness and worry, he dwells calmly the mind subjectively
tranquilized, he purifies the mind of restlessness and worry. By getting rid
of doubt, he dwells doubt-crossed, unperplexed as to the states that are skillful,
he purifies the mind of doubt.
(The four applications of mindfulness)
"He, by getting rid of these five hindrances which are defilements of the
mind and weakening to intuitive wisdom, dwells contemplating the body in the
body, ardent, clearly conscious [of it], mindful [of it] so as to control the
covetousness and dejection in the world. He fares along contemplating the feelings...
the mind... the mental states in mental states, ardent, clearly conscious [of
them], mindful [of them] so as to control the covetousness and dejection in
the world.
"As, Aggivessana, an elephant tamer, driving a great post into the ground,
ties a forest elephant to it by his neck so as to subdue his forest ways, so
as to subdue his forest aspirations, and so as to subdue his distress, his fretting
and fever for the forest, so as to make him pleased with villages and accustom
him to human ways -- even so, Aggivessana, these four applications of mindfulness
are ties of the mind so as to subdue the ways of householders and to subdue
the aspirations of householders and to subdue the distress, the fretting and
fever of householders; they are for leading to the right path, for realizing
nibbana.
"The Tathagata then disciplines him further, saying: 'Come you, monk, fare
along contemplating the body in the body, but do not apply yourself to a train
of thought connected with the body; fare along contemplating the feelings in
the feelings... the mind in the mind... mental states in mental states, but
do not apply yourself to a train of thought connected with mental states.'
(Jhana)
"He by allaying initial thought and discursive thought, with the mind subjectively
tranquilized and fixed on one point, enters on and abides in the second meditation[4]
which is devoid of initial and discursive thought, is born of concentration
and is rapturous and joyful. By the fading out of rapture, he dwells with equanimity,
attentive and clearly conscious, and experiences in his person that joy of which
the ariyans say: 'Joyful lives he who has equanimity and is mindful,' and he
enters and abides in the third meditation. By getting rid of joy, by getting
rid of anguish, by the going down of his former pleasures and sorrows, he enters
and abides in the fourth meditation which has neither anguish nor joy, and which
is entirely purified by equanimity and mindfulness.
(The three knowledges, te-vijja)
(1. Recollection of former habitations)
"Then with the mind composed thus, quite purified, quite clarified, without
blemish, without defilement, grown pliant and workable, fixed, immovable, he
directs his mind to the knowledge and recollection of former habitation: he
remembers a variety of former habitations, thus: one birth, two births, three...
four... five... ten... twenty... thirty... forty... fifty... a hundred... a
thousand... a hundred thousand births, and many an eon of integration and many
an eon of disintegration and many an eon of integration-disintegration: 'Such
a one was I by name, having such a clan, such and such a color, so was I nourished,
such and such pleasant and painful experiences were mine, so did the span of
life end. Passing from this, I came to be in another state where such a one
was I by name, having such and such a clan, such and such a color, so was I
nourished, such and such pleasant and painful experiences were mine, so did
the span of life end. Passing from this, I arose here.' Thus he remembers divers
former habitations in all their modes and details.
(2. The Divine Eye)
"Then with the mind composed, quite purified, quite clarified, without
blemish, without defilement, grown pliant and workable, fixed, immovable, he
directs his mind to the knowledge of the passing hence and the arising of beings.
With the purified deva-vision surpassing that of men, he sees beings as they
pass hence or come to be; he comprehends that beings are mean, excellent, comely,
ugly, well-going, ill-going, according to the consequence of their deeds, the
he thinks: Indeed these worthy beings who were possessed of wrong conduct in
body, who were possessed of wrong conduct in speech, who were possessed of wrong
conduct of thought, scoffers at the ariyans, holding a wrong view, incurring
deeds consequent on a wrong view -- these, at the breaking up of the body after
dying, have arisen in a sorrowful state, a bad bourn, the abyss, Niraya hell.
But these worthy beings who were possessed of good conduct in body, who were
possessed of good conduct in speech, who were possessed of good conduct in thought,
who did not scoff at the ariyans, holding a right view, incurring deeds consequent
on a right view -- these, at the breaking up of the body, after dying, have
arisen in a good bourn, a heaven world.
(3. Destruction of Cankers: Sainthood)
"Then with the mind composed... immovable, he directs his mind to the knowledge
of the destruction of the cankers.[5] He understands as it really is: This is
anguish,[6] this is the arising of anguish, this is the stopping of anguish,
this is the course leading to the stopping of anguish. He understands as it
really is: These are the cankers, this is the arising of the cankers, this is
the stopping of the cankers, this is the course leading to the stopping of the
cankers. Knowing thus, seeing thus, his mind is freed from the canker of sense
pleasures, is freed from the canker of becoming, freed from the canker of ignorance.
In freedom the knowledge came to be: I am freed; and he comprehends: Destroyed
is birth, brought to a close is the Brahma-faring, done is what was to be done,
there is no more of being such or such.
"That monk is able to endure, head, cold, hunger, thirst, the touch of
mosquitoes, gadflies, wind, sun and creeping things, abusive language and unwelcome
modes of speech: he has grown to bear bodily feelings which as they arise are
painful, acute, sharp, severe, wretched, miserable, deadly. Purged of all the
dross and impurities of attachment, aversion and confusion,[7] he is worthy
of oblations, offerings, respect and homage, an unsurpassed field of merit in
the world.
"If, Aggivessana, a king's elephant dies in old age, untamed, untrained,
the king's old elephant that has died is reckoned as one that has died untamed:
And so, Aggivessana, of a king's elephant that is middle-aged. And too, Aggivessana,
if a king's elephant dies young, untamed, untrained, the king's young elephant
that has died is reckoned as one that has died untamed. Even so, Aggivessana,
if a monk who is an elder dies with the cankers not destroyed, the monk who
is an elder that has died is reckoned as one that has died untamed. And so of
a monk of middle standing. And too, Aggivessana, if a newly ordained monk dies
with the cankers not destroyed, the newly ordained monk that has died is reckoned
as one that has died untamed. If, Aggivessana, a king's elephant dies in old
age, well tamed, well trained, the king's old elephant that has died is reckoned
as one that has died tamed. And so, Aggivessana of a king's elephant that is
middle-aged. And too, Aggivessana, if a king's elephant dies young, well tamed,
well trained, the king's young elephant that has died is reckoned as one that
has died tamed. Even so, Aggivessana, if a monk who is an elder dies with the
cankers destroyed, the monk who is an elder that has died is reckoned as one
that has died tamed. And so, Aggivessana, of a monk of middle standing. And
too, Aggivessana, if a newly ordained monk dies with cankers destroyed, the
newly ordained monk that has died is reckoned as one that has died tamed."
Thus spoke the Lord. Delighted, the novice Aciravata rejoiced in what the Lord
had said.
* * *
Notes
1. A hut in a secluded part of the Bamboo Grove for the use of monks who wanted
to practice striving, padhana -- [Commentary].
2. A son of King Bimbisara.
3. Brahmacariyam: the pure life of a celibate recluse [Ed., The Wheel].
4. It is noteworthy that the section on the Four Applications of Mindfulness
(satipatthana) is here followed by the second meditation (jhana) without mention
of the first. This may either refer to a meditator who, already previously,
has attained to the first jhana, or, which seems more probable, it is meant
to indicate that the intensive practice of Satipatthana which, through emphasis
on bare observation, tends to reduce discursive thought, and enables the meditator
to enter directly into the second jhana, which is free from initial and discursive
thought (vitakka-vicara). This latter explanation is favored by the facts that
(1) in our text, the practice of Satipatthana is preceded by the temporary abandonment
of the five Hindrances, which indicates a high degree of concentration approaching
that of the jhana; (2) in our text, the meditator is advised not to engage in
the thought about the body, feelings, etc. -- that is, in discursive thinking,
which is still present in the first jhana. [Ed., The Wheel].
5. Asava.
6. Dukkha: usually rendered by "suffering" or "ill" [Ed.,
The Wheel].
7. Raga, dosa, moha.
5. Dantika's Verses
(Therigatha vv. 48-50)
Coming from noonday-rest on Vulture's Peak
I saw an elephant, his bathing done,
Forth from the river issue. And a man,
Taking his goad, bade the great creature stretch
His foot: 'Give me thy foot.' The elephant
Obeyed, and to his neck the driver sprang.
I saw the untamed tamed, I saw him bent
To master's will; and making inwardly,
I passed into the forest depths and there
I' faith I trained and ordered all my heart.
-- Verses of the Nun Dantika Psalms of the Sisters (Therigata v. 48-50) Translated
by C.A.F. Rhys Davids
6. The Goad
(Anguttara-Nikaya, Catukka-nipata, No. 113)
"Monks, these four goodly thoroughbred steeds are found existing in the
world. What four?
"In this case, monks, we may have a certain goodly thoroughbred steed which
at the very sight of the shadow of the goad-stick is stirred, feels agitation
(thinking): What task, I wonder, will the trainer set me today? What return
can I make him? [17] Here, monks, we may have such a steed, and this is the
first sort of goodly thoroughbred steed found existing in the world.
"Then again, monks, we may have a certain goodly thoroughbred steed which
is not stirred at the mere sight of the goad-stick's shadow, feels no agitation,
but when his coat is pricked with the goad, he is stirred, feels agitation (thinking):
What task, I wonder... This is the second sort...
"Then again, monks, we may have a certain goodly thoroughbred steed which
is not stirred... at the sight of the goad-stick's shade, nor yet when his coat
is pricked with the goad, but when his flesh is pierced, he is stirred, he feels
agitated (thinking): What task, I wonder... This is the third sort...
"Once more, monks, we may have a goodly thoroughbred steed which is stirred
neither at the sight of the goad-stick's shade nor when his coat is pricked,
nor yet when his flesh is pierced by the goad-stick; but when he is pierced
to the very bone, he is stirred, feels agitation (thinking): What task, I wonder,
will the trainer set me today? What return can I make him? Here we have such
a goodly thoroughbred steed... This is the fourth sort.
"Thus, monks, there four goodly thoroughbred steeds are found existing
in the world.
"Just in the same way, monks, these four goodly thoroughbred men are found
existing in the world. What four?
"In this case, monks, we may have a certain goodly thoroughbred man who
hears is said that in such and such a village or township is a woman or man
afflicted or dead. Thereat he is stirred, he feels agitation. Thus agitated
he strictly applied himself. Thus applied he both realized in his own person
the supreme truth, and sees it by penetrating it with wisdom. Just as, monks,
that goodly thoroughbred steed on seeing the shadow of the goad-stick is stirred,
feels agitation, even so using this figure do I speak of this goodly thoroughbred
man. Such in this case is the goodly thoroughbred man. This is the first sort...
"Again, monks, here we may have a goodly thoroughbred man who does not
hear it said that in such a village or township is a woman or a man afflicted
or dead, but with his own eyes beholds such. Thereupon he is stirred, he feels
agitation (as above)... Just as, monks, that goodly thoroughbred steed on having
his coat pricked with the goad stirred... even so using this figure do I speak
of this goodly thoroughbred man... Such in this case is... This is the second
sort...
"Then again, monks, here we may have a goodly thoroughbred man who does
not hear it said... nor yet with his own eyes beholds a woman or a man afflicted
or dead, but his own kinsman or blood-relation is afflicted or dead. Thereupon
he is stirred... just as, monks, that goodly thoroughbred steed on having his
flesh pierced is stirred... even so using this figure do I speak of this goodly
thoroughbred man... Such in this case... This is the third sort.
"Once more, monks, here we may have a goodly thoroughbred man who neither
hears it said... nor yet with his own eyes beholds... nor is his own kinsman
or blood-relation afflicted or dead, but he himself is stricken with painful
bodily feelings, grievous, sharp, racking, distracting, discomforting, that
drain the life away. Thereat he is stirred, he feels agitation. Being so stirred
he strictly applied himself. Thus applied he both realizes in his own person
the supreme truth, and sees it by penetrating it with wisdom. Just as, monks,
that goodly thoroughbred steed on being pierced to the very bone is stirred,
feels agitation, even so using this figure do I speak of this goodly thoroughbred
man. Of such a sort, monks, is the goodly thoroughbred man in this case. This
is the fourth sort.
"These, monks, are the four sorts of thoroughbreds among men found existing
in the world."
-- From "Gradual Sayings," The Book of the Fours, Translated by F.L.
Woodward. (Pali Text Society, London)
7. The Chapter on the Mind
(Dhammapada)
Just as a fletcher straightens an arrow, so does the wise man straighten his
mind which is fickle and unsteady and difficult to guard and difficult to restrain.
(33)
Just as a fish taken out of its watery abode and cast on the land, quivers and
throbs, so does the mind. (Hence) should the realm of Passions be shunned. (34)
It is good to restrain the mind which is difficult to subdue and is swift-moving
and which seizes whatever it desires. A mind thus tamed brings happiness. (35)
Difficult to grasp and extremely subtle is the mind, seizing on whatever it
desires; let the wise guard it. A guarded mind brings happiness. (36)
This mind wanders afar, is solitary, formless, and rests in the cave (of the
heart). Those who subdue it are freed from the bonds of Mara. (37)
He whose mind is not steadfast and who knows not the Good Teaching and whose
faith wavers, the wisdom of such a man never becomes perfect. (38)
He whose mind remains untouched by lust, and unaffected by hatred, and who has
discarded both good and evil, for such a vigilant one there is no fear. (39)
Knowing this body to be as fragile as a clay pot and fortifying this mind like
a well-fortified city, let a man fight Mara with the sword of wisdom; and let
him guard his conquest and remain unattached (to it). (40)
Ere long alas! will this body lie upon the earth, unheeded and lifeless, even
as a useless log. (41)
Whatever an enemy may do to an enemy or a hater to a hater, an ill-directed
mind would do one a greater injury. (42)
Neither mother nor father nor any other relative can do a person greater good
than what his well-directed mind can do. (43)
-- Dhammapada, Citta Vagga (Translated by Bhikkhu Buddarakkhita)
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