More
and more the noble teaching of the Buddha seems to be on the way to conquer the
world. More than ever before, the Buddhists are working for its propagation in
nearly all the countries on earth. Especially in India, the birth place of Buddhism,
whence it had disappeared for nearly thousand years, Buddhism has again made its
entrance and gained a firm footing, and with rapid strides it is ever gaining
more and more ground. One therefore should rather think it a good omen that India,
having regained its independence, has adopted as its emblem the Buddhist Four-Lion
symbol of Emperor Asoka, and that, at the proclamation of the Indian Republic,
behind the presidential throne, crowned with this Buddhist emblem, there appeared
the Buddha's statue.
Also all over Europe and America a mighty Buddhist wave
is set in motion, which no longer can be kept back and suppressed and which, sooner
or later, will flood the world with its beneficial influence. The world is no
longer satisfied with dogmas based on blind belief. Everywhere in the world there
is found to-day a striving for freedom and independence, externally and internally;
and ever more the thinking man feels that the destinies of beings are not dependent
on the omnipotence and infinite goodness of an imaginary creator but that they
rest entirely on the beings themselves. It is in Buddhism that one may find the
true answers to many of the problems that are troubling men, and which they wish
to get solved. Everybody knows that Buddhism is not a revealed religion and not
based. on blind belief, but that it is a doctrine to be realised by man's own
understanding, a doctrine that makes man free and independent in his thinking,
and assures him of happiness and peace.
But of one thing I wish to warn all
those who are working for the propagation of Buddhism, namely: not to allow themselves
to become influenced or carried away by seemingly identical theosophical, Christian
or, what is still worse, materialistic teachings. For all these are, in essence
and substance, very often diametrically opposed to the Buddha's doctrines and
prevent a real understanding and realization of the profound law discovered and
proclaimed by the Buddha.
The most crucial point for most men seems to be the
Buddha's fundamental teaching of Phenomenality, Egolessness and Impersonality
of existence, in Pali anatta. It is the middle way between two extremes, namely
on the one hand the spiritualistic belief in an eternal ego-entity, or soul, outlasting
death; on the other hand the masterialistic belief in a temporary ego-entity becoming
annihilated at death.
Therefore it is said: There are three teachers in the
world. The first teacher teaches the existence of an eternal ego-entity outlasting
death: that is the eternalist, as for example the Christian. The second teacher
teaches a temporary ego-entity which becomes annihilated at death: that is the
annihilationist, or materialist. The third teacher teaches neither an eternal,
nor a temporary ego-entity: this is the Buddha. The Buddha teaches that, what
we call ego, self, soul, personality etc., are merely conventional terms not referring
to any real independent entity. And he teaches that there is only to be found
this psycho-physical process of existence changing from moment to moment. Without
understanding the egolessness of existence, it is not possible to gain a real
understanding of the Buddha-word; and it is not possible without it, to realize
that goal of emancipation and deliverance of mind proclaimed by the Buddha. This
doctrine of egolessness of existence forms the essence of the Buddha's doctrine
of emancipation. Thus with this doctrine of egolessness, or anatta, stands and
falls the entire Buddhist structure. Indeed, for anyone who wishes to engage in
the study of the Buddhist scriptures, the best thing would be, from the very start,
to get himself acquainted with the two methods in which the Buddha taught the
Dhamma to the world. The first method is the teaching in conventional language;
the second method is the teaching in philosophical correct language. The first
one relates to conventional truth, vohara-sacca, the second, to truth in the ultimate
sense, paramattha-sacca.
Thus, whenever the Buddha uses such terms as I, person,
living being, etc., this is to be understood as conventional speech (vohara-vacana),
hence not correct in the highest sense (paramattha-vacana). It is just as speaking
of the "rising" and "setting" of the sun, though we know thoroughly
well that this does not correspond to reality. Thus the Buddha teaches that, in
the ultimate sense, amongst all these psycho-physical phenomena of existence there
cannot be found any eternal or even temporary ego-entity, and hence that all existence
of whatever kind is something impersonal, or anatta.
In this connection, I
would like to emphasise the fact that this fundamental doctrine of Egolessness
and Emptiness is not, as some misinformed Western Buddhist assert, only taught
in the southern school of Buddhism, but that even in the so-called Mahayana-schools
it forms a most essential part. Without this teaching of anatta, or Egolessness,
there is no Buddhism; and without having realized the truth of egolessness no
real progress is possible on the path to deliverance.
The Buddha is, in every
respect, a teacher of the golden mean, ethically as well as philosophically. From
the ethical standpoint, for example, the Buddha rejects two extremes: the way
of sensual pleasures, and the way of self-torture. From the philosophical standpoint
he rejects eternity, as well as temporariness of an ego-entity. Just so he rejects
belief in an absolute identity and an absolute otherness of the various stages
of the process of existence. He rejects the rigid determinism, as well as the
belief in chance. He rejects the belief in absolute existence and absolute non
existence; likewise in freedom of will, as well as in unfreedom of will.
All
these things will become clear to one who understands the egolessness and conditioned
nature of all phenomena of existence. On the understanding of these two truths
depends the understanding of the entire doctrine of the Buddha. Hence the understanding
and final penetration of egolessness and conditionedness of all phenomena of existence
are the necessary foundation to the realization of the noble eightfold path leading
to deliverance from all vanity and misery, namely; right understanding, right
thought, right speech, right bodily action, right livelihood, right effort, right
mindfulness, and right concentration of mind. And only this golden middle path,
based on these two kinds of right understanding, namely of "egolessness and
conditionedness," can alleviate and destroy these vain illusions of "Self"
and craving, which are the root-causes of all war and bloodshed in the world.
But without these two kinds of understanding there is no realization of the holy
and peaceful goal pointed out by the Buddha. There are, however, to be found various
would-be Buddhists in the West who are attached to an imaginary Great Self, and
who uphold that the Buddha did in no way reject the view of an "eternal Atma,"
or soul, believe that the Mahayana texts teach such a doctrine. Such assertions,
however, do not in the least prove correct, for neither do the Pali texts, nor
the later Mahayana texts proclaim an eternal self. Any reader who is unbiased
in mind and free from prejudices, can never from a study of the Buddhist scriptures
come to the conclusion that the Buddha ever taught any such ego-entity within
or outside the corporeal, mental and spiritual phenomena of existence. Nowhere
in the world can there be found such an entity, as was clearly pointed out by
the Buddha.
Regarding the questions whether the Holy One will continue after
death, or not continue etc., the Buddha says that all such questions are wrongly
put. And why? Because what is called the "Holy One" is here only a conventional
term and refers to no real entity while in reality there is only to be found a
process of corporeal, mental and spiritual phenomena. In another text, therefore,
the Buddha asks a monk, whether he considered corporeality as the Holy one, or
the feelings, or the perceptions, of the mental formations, or consciousness.
Or, whether he believed the Holy One to exist within these five groups of phenomena,
or outside thereof. Or whether all the phenomena heaped together were the Holy
One. And denying all these questions, the Buddha further said that, even during
life-time, the Holy One could not be discovered in reality, and that therefore
it would be wrong to ask, whether the Holy One will continue or not continue after
death, etc. Thus, no entities are existing in the world, but only ever-changing
processes. The Buddha further says: Only because man does not understand corporeality,
feeling and the other mental and spiritual phenomena as being impermanent, unsatisfactory
and impersonal (anicca, dukkha, anatta), and does not understand their conditioned
origin, their extinction, and the path leading to their extinction, therefore
he will think that the Holy One does continue or does not continue after death
etc. This, therefore, is the reason that the Buddha did not answer such questions.
According to Buddhism, the whole of existence is comprised in the five groups
of phenomena mentioned above, or still more briefly expressed in the three groups:
corporeality, consciousness and mental factors. And within these three groups
are comprised the only and ultimate things given, though also these again are
more fleeting and evanescent phenomenal flashing up for a moment, in order to
disappear immediately thereafter for ever. Thus whenever in the Buddhist scriptures
mention is made of I, self, living being, etc., even of the Buddha, these expressions
accordingly are used merely as conventional terms, without referring to any real
entities. Therefore the Buddha has said: "It is impossible, it cannot be
that a man with real understanding should ever consider anything as a real entity."
He
who does not understand the egolessness of existence, and who is still attached
to Ego-illusion, such as one cannot comprehend and understand the four Noble Truths
of the Buddha in the true light.
These four truths are:
1. the truth of
the impermanency, unsatisfactoriness and impersonality of existence.
2. the
truth that repeated rebirth and misery are rooted in self- illusion and craving
for existence.
3. the truth that through the extinction of all self-illusion,
vanity and craving, deliverance from all rebirth will be attained.
4. the
truth that the eightfold path based on right understanding, is the path leading
to this goal.
He who has not penetrated the ego-illusion, and is still attached
to self vanity, he will believe that is he him self that suffers, will believe
that it is he himself that performs the good and evil deeds leading to his rebirth,
that it is he himself that will enter Nibbana, that it is he himself that will
bring the eightfold path to perfection.
Whoso, however, has fully penetrated
the egolessness of existence, knows that, in the highest sense, there is no individual
that suffers, that commits the kammic deeds, that enters Nibbana, and that brings
the Eightfold Path to perfection. In the Visuddhi Magga it is therefore said:
"Mere suffering exists, no sufferer is found.
The deeds are, but no
doer of the deeds is there.
Nibbana is, but not the man that enters it.
The
path is, but no traveller on it is seen,"
Further:
"No doer of
the deeds is found,
No being that may reap their fruits.
Empty phenomena
roll on!
This is the only right view."
Therefore, wherever the doctrine
of the egolessness of all existence is rejected, there the Buddha's word is rejected,
But wherever, through penetration of the egolessness of all existence, the ego-vanity
has reached ultimate extinction, there the goal of the Buddha's teaching has been
realized, namely: freedom from all vanity and the highest peace of Nibbana.