The Vagrakkhedika or Diamond-Cutter
Translated by E.B. Cowell, F. Max Mulller, and J. Takakusu
Adoration to the blessed Ârya-pragñâ-pâramitâ
(perfection of wisdom).
I.
Thus it was heard by me: At one time Bhagavat (the blessed Buddha) dwelt in
Srâvastî, in the grove of Geta[1], in the garden of Anâthapindada[2],
together with a large company of Bhikshus (mendicants), viz. with 1250 Bhikshus[3],
with many noble-minded Bodhisattvas[4].
[1. Geta, son of king Prasenagit, to whom the park belonged before it was sold
to Anâthapindada.
2. Another name of Sudatta, meaning, literally, he who gives food to the poor.
3. The number of 1250 is explained by a Chinese priest Lun-hin, in his commentary
on the Amitâyur-dhyâna-sûtra. According to the Dharmagupta-vinaya,
which he quotes, the number consisted of 500 disciples of Uruvilva-kâsyapa,
300 of Gayâ-kâsyapa, 200 of Nadî-kâsyapa, 150 of Sâriputra,
and 100 of Maudgalyâyana. The Chinese translators often mistook the Sanskrit
expression 'half-thirteen hundred,' i.e. 1250. See Bunyiu Nanjio, Catalogue
of Tripitaka, p. 6.
4. Higher beings on the road to Bodhi or perfect knowledge. They are destined
hereafter to become Buddhas themselves.]
{p. 112}
Then Bhagavat having in the forenoon put on his undergarment[1], and having
taken his bowl and cloak, entered the great city of Srâvastî to
collect alms. Then Bhagavat, after he had gone to the great city of Srâvastî
to collect alms, performed the act of eating[2], and having returned from his
round in the afternoon[3], he put away his bowl and cloak, washed his feet,
and sat down on the seat intended[4] for him, crossing his legs[5], holding
his body upright, and turning his reflection upon himself. Then many Bhikshus
approached to where Bhagavat was, saluted his feet with their heads, turned
three times round hira to the right, and sat down on one side. (1)
II.
At that time again the venerable Subhûti came to that assembly and sat
down. Then rising from his seat and putting his robe over one shoulder, kneeling
on the earth with his right knee, he stretched out his folded hands towards
Bhagavat and said to him: 'It is wonderful, O Bhagavat, it is exceedingly wonderful,
O Sugata, how much the noble-minded Bodhisattvas have been favoured with the
highest favour by the Tathâgata, the holy and
[1. In Pâli pubbamhasmayam nivâsetva, the technical expression for
putting on the robes early in the morning; see Childers, s.v. nivâseti.
2. In Pâli katabhattakikko, see Childers, s.v.
3. In Pâli pakkhâbhattam pindapâtapatikkânta, see Childers,
s.v. pindapâta. Vig. observes that pakkhabhattam pindapâtapatikkânto
is a {Greek ?!oteron pr?teron}, as it means, having returned from his rounds,
and then made his meal on the food obtained on his rounds.
4. Pâli paññata.
5. Burnouf, Lotus, p. 334.]
{p. 113}
fully enlightened! It is wonderful how much the noble-minded Bodhisattvas have
been instructed[1] with the highest instruction by the Tathâgata, the
holy and fully enlightened! How then, O Bhagavat, should the son or the daughter
of a good family, after having entered on the path of the Bodhisattvas, behave,
how should he advance, and how should he restrain his thoughts?'
After the venerable Subhûti had thus spoken, Bhagavat said to him: 'Well
said, well said, Subhûti! So it is, Subhûti, so it is, as you say.
The noble-minded Bodhisattvas have been favoured with the highest favour by
the Tathâgata, the noble-minded Bodhisattvas have been instructed with
the highest instruction by the Tathâgata. Therefore, O Subhûti,
listen and take it to heart, well and rightly. I shall tell you, how any one
who has entered on the path of Bodhisanvas should behave, how he should advance,
and how he should restrain his thoughts.' Then the venerable Subhûti answered
the Bhagavat and said: 'So be it, O Bhagavat.' (2)
III.
Then the Bhagavat thus spoke to him: 'Any one, O Subhûti, who has entered
here on the path of the Bodhisattvas must thus frame his thought: As many beings
as there are in this world of beings, comprehended under the term of beings
(either born of eggs, or from the womb, or from moisture, or miraculously),
with form or without form, with name or without name, or neither with nor without
name, as far as
[1. I have followed the Chinese translator, who translates parîndita by
instructed, entrusted, not by protected.]
{p. 114}
any known world of beings is known, all these must be delivered by me in the
perfect world of Nirvâna. And yet, after I have thus delivered immeasurable
beings, not one single being has been delivered. And why? If, O Subhûti,
a Bodhisattva had any idea of (belief in) a being, he could not be called a
Bodhisattva (one who is fit to become a Buddha). And why? Because, O Subhûti,
no one is to be called a Bodhisattva, for whom there should exist the idea of
a being, the idea of a living being, or the idea of a person.' (3)
IV.
'And again, O Subhûti, a gift should not be given by a Bodhisattva, while
he believes[1] in objects; a gift should not be given by him, while he believes
in anything; a gift should not be given by him, while he believes in form; a
gift should not be given by him, while he believes in the special qualities
of sound, smell, taste, and touch. For thus, O Subhûti, should a gift
be given by a noble-minded Bodhisattva, that he should not believe even in the
idea of cause. And why? Because that Bodhisattva, O Subhûti, who gives
a gift, without believing in anything, the measure of his stock of merit is
not easy to learn.'--'What do you think, O Subhûti, is it easy to learn
the measure of space in the eastern quarter?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed,
O Bhagavat.'--Bhagavat said: 'In like manner, is it easy to learn the measure
of space in the southern, western, northern quarters, below and above (nadir
and zenith), in quarters and subquarters, in the ten quarters all round?' Subhûti
said: 'Not indeed,
[1. To believe here means to depend on or ta accept as real.]
{p. 115}
O Bhagavat.' Bhagavat said: 'In the same manner, O Subhûti, the measure
of the stock of merit of a Bodhisattva, who gives a gift without believing in
anything, is not easy to learn. And thus indeed, O Subhûti, should one
who has entered on the path of Bodhisattvas give a gift, that he should not
believe even in the idea of cause.' (4)
V.
'Now, what do you think, O Subhûti, should a Tathâgata be seen (known)
by the possession of signs[1]?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat,
a Tathâgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs. And
why? Because what has been preached by the Tathâgata as the possession
of signs, that is indeed the possession of no-signs.'
After this, Bhagavat spoke thus to the venerable Subhûti: 'Wherever there
is, O Subhûti, the possession of signs, there is falsehood; wherever there
is no possession of signs, there is no falsehood. Hence the Tathâgata
is to be seen (known) from no-signs as signs[2].' (5)
VI.
After this, the venerable Subhûti spoke thus to the Bhagavat: 'Forsooth,
O Bhagavat, will there be any beings in the future, in the last time, in the
last moment, in the last 500 years[3], during the time
[1. Qualities by which he could be known.
2. It would be easier to read lakshanâlakshanatvatah, from the signs having
the character of no-signs. M. de Harlez translates rightly, 'c'est par le non-marque
de marquer que la Tathâgata doit ?tre vu et reconnu.'
3. I have changed Pañkâsatî into Pañkasatî,
because what is intended here is evidently the last of the periods of 500 years
each, which, according to the Mahâyâna-Buddhists, elapsed after
the death of Buddha. The following extract from the Mahâsannipâta-sûtra
(Ta-tsi-king, No. 61 in Tripitaka), given to me by Mr. B. Nanjio, fully explains
the subject. 'It is stated in the fifty-first section of the Mahâsannipâta-sûtra,
that Buddha said: "After my Nirvâna, in the first 500 years, all
the Bhikshus and others will be strong in deliberation in my correct Law. (Those
who first obtain the 'holy fruit,' i.e. the Srota-âpannas, are called
those who have obtained deliberation.) In the next or second 500 years, they
will be strong in meditation. In the next or third 500 years, they will be strong
in 'much learning,' i.e. bahusruta, religious knowledge. In the next or fourth
500 years, they will be strong in founding monasteries, &c. In the last
or fifth 500 years, they will be strong in fighting and reproving. The pure
(lit. white) Law will then become invisible."'
The question therefore amounts to this, whether in that corrupt age the law
of Buddha will be understood? and the answer is, that there will be always some
excellent Boddhisatvas who, even in the age of corruption, can understand the
preaching of the Law.]
{p. 116}
of the decay of the good Law, who, when these very words of the Sûtras
are being preached, will frame a true idea[1]?' The Bhagavat said: 'Do not speak
thus, Subhûti. Yes, there will be some beings in the future, in the last
time, in the last moment, in the last 500 years, during the decay of the good
Law, who will frame a true idea when these very words are being preached.
'And again, O Subhûti, there will be noble-minded Bodhisattvas, in the
future, in the last time, in the last moment, in the last 500 years, during
the decay of the good Law, there will be strong and good and wise beings, who,
when these very words of the Sûtras are being preached, will frame a true
idea. But those noble-minded Bodhisattvas, O Subhûti, will not have served
one Buddha only, and the stock
[1. Will understand them properly.]
{p. 117}
of their merit will not have been accumulated under one Buddha only; on the
contrary, O Subhûti, those noble-minded Bodhisattvas will have served
many hundred thousands of Buddhas, and the stock of their merit will have been
accumulated under many hundred thousands of Buddhas; and they, when these very
words of the Sûtras are being preached, will obtain one and the same faith[1].
They are known, O Subhûti, by the Tathâgata through his Buddha-knowledge;
they are seen, O Subhûti, by the Tathâgata through his Buddha-eye;
they are understood, O Subhûti, by the Tathâgata. All these, O Subhûti,
will produce and will hold fast an immeasurable and innumerable stock of merit.
And why? Because, O Subhûti, there does not exist in those noble-minded
Bodhisattvas the idea of self, there does not exist the idea of a being, the
idea of a living being, the idea of a person. Nor does there exist, O Subhûti,
for these noble-minded Bodhisattvas the idea of quality (dharma), nor of no-quality.
Neither does there exist, O Subhûti, any idea (samgñâ) or
no-idea. And why? Because, O Subhûti, if there existed for these noble-minded
Bodhisattvas the idea of quality, then they would believe in a self, they would
believe in a being, they would believe in a living being, they would believe
in a person. And if there existed for them the idea of no-quality, even then
they would believe in a self,
[1. I am doubtful about the exact meaning of ekakittaprasâda. Childers
gives ekakitta, as an adjective, with the meaning of 'having the same thought,'
and kittaprasâda, as faith in Buddha. But ekakittaprasâda may also
be 'faith producted by one thought,' 'immediate faith,' and this too is a recognised
form of faith in Buddhism. See Sukhâvatî, pp. 71, 108.]
{p. 118}
they would believe in a being, they would believe in a living being, they would
believe in a person. And why? Because, O Subhûti, neither quality nor
no-quality is to be accepted by a noble-minded Bodhisattva. Therefore this hidden
saying has been preached by the Tathâgata: "By those who know the
teaching of the Law, as like unto a raft, all qualities indeed must be abandoned;
much more no-qualities[1]"' (6)
VII.
And again Bhagavat spoke thus to the venerable Subhûti: 'What do you think,
O Subhûti, is there anything (dharma) that was known by the Tathâgata
under the name of the highest perfect knowledge, or anything that was taught
by the Tathâgata?'
After these words, the venerable Subhûti spoke thus to Bhagavat: 'As I,
O Bhagavat, understand the meaning of the preaching of the Bhagavat, there is
nothing that was known by the Tathâgata under the name of the highest
perfect knowledge, nor is there anything that is taught by the Tathâgata.
And why? Because that thing which was known or taught by the Tathâgata
is incomprehensible and inexpressible. It is neither a thing nor no-thing. And
why? Because the holy persons[2] are of imperfect power[3].' (7)
[1. The same line is quoted in the Abhidharmakosha-vyâkhyâ.
2. Âryapudgala need not be Bodhisattvas, but all who have entered on the
path leading to Nirvâna.
3. Harlez: 'Parceque les entit?s sup?rieures sont produites telles sans ?tre
r?elles et parfaites pour cela.' If samskrita can be used in Buddhist literature
in the sense of perfect, and prabhâvitâ as power, my translation
might pass, but even then the 'because' remains difficult.]
{p. 119}
VIII.
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, if a son or daughter of
a good family filled this sphere of a million millions of worlds with the seven
gems or treasures, and gave it as a gift to the holy and enlightened Tathâgatas,
would that son or daughter of a good family on the strength of this produce
a large stock of merit?' Subhûti said: 'Yes, O Bhagavat, yes, O Sugata,
that son or daughter of a good family would on the strength of this produce
a large stock of merit. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, what was preached by the
Tathâgata as the stock of merit, that was preached by the Tathâgata
as no-stock of merit. Therefore the Tathâgata preaches: "A stock
of merit, a stock of merit indeed!"' Bhagavat said: 'And if, O Subhûti,
the son or daughter of a good family should fill this sphere of a million millions
of worlds with the seven treasures and should give it as a gift to the holy
and enlightened Tathâgatas, and if another after taking from this treatise
of the Law one Gâthâ of four lines only should fully teach others
and explain it, he indeed would on the strength of this produce a larger stock
of merit immeasurable and innumerable. And why? Because, O Subhûti, the
highest perfect knowledge of the holy and enlightened Tathâgatas is produced
from it; the blessed Buddhas are produced from it. And why? Because, O Subhûti,
when the Tathâgata preached:
[1. See Childers, s.v. Lokadhâtu.
2. Or should it be, bhâshate*punyaskandhah punyaskandha iti, i.e. he preaches
no-stock of merit is the stock of merit? It would not be applicable to later
passages, but the style of the Sûtras varies.]
{p. 120}
"The qualities of Buddha, the qualities of Buddha indeed!" they were
preached by him as no-qualities of Buddha. Therefore they are called the qualities
of Buddha.' (8)
IX.
Bhagavat said: 'Now, what do you think, O Subhûti, does a Srota-âpanna
think in this wise: The fruit of Srota-âpatti has been obtained by me?'
Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, a Srota-âpanna does not think
in this wise: The fruit of Srota-âpatti has been obtained by me. And why?
Because, O Bhagavat, he has not obtained any particular state (dharma). Therefore
he is called a Srota-âpanna. He has not obtained any form, nor sounds,
nor smells, nor tastes, nor things that can be touched. Therefore he is called
a Srota-âpanna. If, O Bhagavat, a Srota-âpanna were to think in
this wise: The fruit of Srota-âpatti has been obtained by me, he would
believe in a self, he would believe in a being, he would believe in a living
being, he would believe in a person.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, does a Sakridâgâmin
think in this wise: The fruit of a Sakridâgâmin has been obtained
by me?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, a Sakridâgâmin
[1. This phrase is wanting in the Sanskrit MSS., but it is found in the Chinese
translation of Dharmagupta, of the Sui dynasty (A. D. 589-618).
2. Srota-âpanna, a man who has obtained the first grade of sanctification,
literally, who has entered the stream. The second grade is that of the Sakridâgâmin,
who returns once. The third grade is that of the Anâgâmin, who does
not return at all, but is born in the Brahman world from whence he becomes an
Arhat and may obtain Nirvâna.]
{p. 121}
does not think in this wise: The fruit of a Sakridâgâmin has been
obtained by me. And why? Because he is not an individual being (dharma), who
has obtained the state of a Sakridâgâmin. Therefore he is called
a Sakridâgâmin.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, does an Anâgâmin
think in this wise: The fruit of an Anâgâmin has been obtained by
me?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, an Anâgâmin does
not think in this wise: The fruit of an Anâgâmin has been obtained
by me. And why? Because he is not an individual being, who has obtained the
state of an Anâgâmin. Therefore he is called an Anâgâmin.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, does an Arhat think in this
wise: The fruit of an Arhat has been obtained by me?' Subhûti said: 'Not
indeed, O Bhagavat, an Arhat does not think in this wise: The fruit of an Arhat
has been obtained by me. And why? Because he is not an individual being, who
is called an Arhat. Therefore he is called an Arhat. And if, O Bhagavat, an
Arhat were to think in this wise: The state of an Arhat has been obtained by
me, he would believe in a self, he would believe in a being, he would believe
in a living being, he would believe in a person.
'And why? I have been pointed out, O Bhagavat, by the holy and fully enlightened
Tathâgata, as the foremost of those who dwell in virtue[1].
[1. Aranâvihârin. Rana is strife, then sin, therefore arana might
be peace and virtue, only the a would be short. Probably aranavihârin
was formed with reference to âranya-vihârin, living in the forest,
retired from the world, and in peace, just as arhan, worthy, was changed into
arahan, the destroyer of sin. Beal translates, 'one who delights in the mortification
of an Aranyaka (forest devotee).' De Harlez: 'chey de ceux qui ne sont plus
attach?s ? la jouissance.']
{p. 122}
I, O Bhagavat, am an Arhat, freed from passion. And yet, O Bhagavat, I do not
think in this wise: I am an Arhat, I am freed from passion. If, O Bhagavat,
I should think in this wise, that the state of an Arhat has been obtained by
me, then the Tathâgata would not have truly prophesied of me, saying:
"Subhûti, the son of a good family, the foremost of those dwelling
in virtue, does not dwell anywhere, and therefore he is called a dweller in
virtue, a dweller in virtue indeed!"' (9)
X.
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, is there anything (dharma)
which the Tathâgata has adopted from the Tathâgata Dîpankara[1],
the holy and fully enlightened?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat;
there is not anything which the Tathâgata has adopted from the Tathâgata
Dîpankara, the holy and fully enlightened.'
Bhagavat said: 'If, O Subhûti, a Bodhisattva should say: "I shall
create numbers of worlds," he would say what is untrue. And why? Because,
O Subhûti, when the Tathâgata preached: Numbers of worlds, numbers
of worlds indeed! they were preached by him as no-numbers. Therefore they are
called numbers of worlds.
'Therefore, O Subhûti, a noble-minded Bodhisattva should in this wise
frame an independent
[1. A former Buddha.]
{p. 123}
mind, which is to be framed as a mind not believing in anything, not believing
in form, not believing in sound, smell, taste, and anything that can be touched.
Now, for instance, O Subhûti, a man might have a body and a large body,
so that his size should be as large as the king of mountains, Sumeru. Do you
think then, O Subhûti, that his selfhood (he himself) would be large?'
Subhûti said: 'Yes, O Bhagavat, yes, O Sugata, his selfhood would be large.
And why? Because, O Bhagavat, when the Tathâgata preached: "Selfhood,
selfhood indeed!" it was preached by him as no-selfhood. Therefore it is
called selfhood.' (10)
XI.
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, if there were as many Gangâ
rivers as there are grains of sand in the large river Gangâ, would the
grains of sand be many?' Subhûti said: 'Those Gangâ rivers would
indeed be many, much more the grains of sand in those Gangâ rivers.' Bhagavat
said: 'I tell you, O Subhûti, I announce to you, If a woman or man were
to fill with the seven treasures as many worlds as there would be grains of
sand in those Gangâ rivers and present them as a gift to the holy and
fully enlightened Tathâgatas--What do you think, O Subhûti, would
that woman or man on the strength of this produce a large stock of merit?' Subhûti
said: 'Yes, O Bhagavat, yes, O Sugata, that woman or man would on the strength
of this produce a large stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable.' Bhagavat
said: 'And if, O Subhûti, a woman or man having filled so many worlds
with the seven treasures should give them as a gift to the holy and enlightened
Tathâgatas,
{p. 124}
and if another son or daughter of a good family, after taking from this treatise
of the Law one Gâthâ of four lines only, should fully teach others
and explain it, he, indeed, would on the strength of this produce a larger stock
of merit, immeasurable and innumerable.' (11)
XII.
'Then again, O Subhûti, that part of the world in which, after taking
from this treatise of the Law one Gâthâ of four lines only, it should
be preached or explained, would be like a Kaitya (holy shrine) for the whole
world of gods, men, and spirits; what should we say then of those who learn
the whole of this treatise of the Law to the end, who repeat it, understand
it, and fully explain it to others? They, O Subhûti, will be endowed with
the highest wonder[1]. And in that place, O Subhûti, there dwells the
teacher[2], or one after another holding the place of the wise preceptor[3].'
(12)
XIII.
After these words, the venerable Subhûti spoke thus to Bhagavat: 'O Bhagavat,
how is this treatise of the Law called, and how can I learn it?' After this,
Bhagavat spoke thus to the venerable Subhûti: 'This treatise of the Law,
O Subhûti, is called the Pragñâ-pâramitâ (Transcendent
wisdom), and you should learn it by that name. And why? Because, O Subhûti,
what was preached by the Tathâgata as the Pragñâ-pâramitâ,
that was preached by the
[1. With what excites the highest wonder.
2. Sastâ, often the name of Budha, Pâli sattha.
3. This may refer to a succession of teachers handing down the tradition one
to the other.]
{p. 125}
Tathâgata as no-Pâramitâ. Therefore it is called the Pragñâ-pâramitâ.
'Then, what do you think, O Subhûti, is there anything (dharma) that was
preached by the Tathâgata?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagvat,
there is not anything that was preached by the Tathâgata.'
Bhagavat said. 'What do you think then, O Subhûti,--the dust of the earth
which is found in this sphere of a million millions of worlds, is that much?'
Subhûti said: 'Yes, O Bhagavat, yes, O Sugata, that dust of the earth
would be much. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, what was preached by the Tathâgata
as the dust of the earth, that was preached by the Tathâgata as no-dust.
Therefore it is called the dust of the earth. And what was preached by the Tathâgata
as the sphere of worlds, that was preached by the Tathâgata as no-sphere.
Therefore it is called the sphere of worlds.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, is a holy and fully enlightened
Tathâgata to be seen (known) by the thirty-two signs of a hero?' Subhûti
said: 'No indeed, O Bhagavat; a holy and fully enlightened Tathâgata is
not to be seen (known) by the thirty-two signs of a hero. And why? Because what
was preached by the Tathâgata as the thirty-two signs of a hero, that
was preached by the Tathâgata as no-signs. Therefore they are called the
thirty-two signs of a hero.'
Bhagavat said: 'If, O Subhûti, a woman or man should day by day sacrifice
his life (selfhood[1]) as
[1. Âtmabhâva seems to refer here to the living body, not to the
spiritual Âtman, which, according to Buddha, can be got rid of by knowledge
only. Buddha himself sacrificed his life again and again, and a willingness
to die would probably be accepted for the deed.]
{p. 126}
many times as there are grains of sand in the river Gangâ, and if he should
thus sacrifice his life for as many kalpas as there are grains of sand in the
river Gangâ, and if another man, after taking from this treatise of the
Law one Gâthâ of four lines only, should fully teach others and
explain it, he indeed would on the strength of this produce a larger stock of
merit, immeasurable and innumerable.' (13)
XIV.
At that time, the venerable Subhûti was moved by the power of the Law,
shed tears, and having wiped his tears, he thus spoke to Bhagavat: 'It is wonderful,
O Bhagavat, it is exceedingly wonderful, O Sugata, how fully this teaching of
the Law has been preached by the Tathâgata for the benefit of those beings
who entered on the foremost path (the path that leads to Nirvâna), and
who entered on the best path, from whence, O Bhagavat, knowledge has been produced
in me. Never indeed, O Bhagavat, has such a teaching of the Law been heard by
me before. Those Bodhisattvas, O Bhagavat, will be endowed with the highest
wonder[1], who when this Sûtra is being preached hear it and will frame
to themselves a true idea. And why? Because what is a true idea is not a true
idea. Therefore the Tathâgata preaches: "A true idea, a true idea
indeed!"
'It is no wonder to me, O Bhagavat, that I accept and believe this treatise
of the Law, which has been preached. And those beings also, O Bhagavat,
[1. Will possess miraculous powers, and will be admired.]
{p. 127}
who will exist in the future, in the last time, in the last moment, in the last
500 years, during the time of the decay of the good Law, who will learn this
treatise of the Law, O Bhagavat, remember it, recite it, understand it, and
fully explain it to others, they will indeed be endowed with the highest wonder.
'But, O Bhagavat, there will not arise in them any idea of a self, any idea
of a being, of a living being, or a person, nor does there exist for them any
idea or no-idea. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, the idea of a self is no-idea,
and the idea of a being, or a living being, or a person is no-idea. And why?
Because the blessed Buddhas are freed from all ideas.'
After these words, Bhagavat thus spoke to the venerable Subhûti: 'So it
is, O Subhûti, so it is. Those beings, O Subhûti, who when this
Sûtra was being recited here will not be disturbed or frightened or become
alarmed, will be endowed with the highest wonder. And why? Because, O Subhûti,
this was preached by the Tathâgata, as the Paramapâramitâ,
which is no-Pâramitâ. And, O Subhûti, what the Tathâgata
preaches as the Paramapâramitâ, that was preached also by immeasurable
blessed Buddhas. Therefore it is called the Paramapâramitâ.
'And, O Subhûti, the Pâramitâ or the highest perfection of
endurance (kshânti) belonging to a Tathâgata, that also is no-Pâramitâ.
And why? Because, O Subhûti, at the time when the king of Kalinga[1] cut
my flesh from every limb, I had no idea of a self, of a being, of a living being,
or of
[1. The Chinese text points to Kalirâgâ. On this Kalirâgâ
or Kalinripa see Lalita-vistara, p. 191.]
{p. 128}
a person; I had neither an idea nor no-idea. And why? Because, O Subhûti,
if I at that time had had an idea of a self, I should also have had an idea
of malevolence. If I had had an idea of a being, or of a living being, or of
a person, I should also have had an idea of malevolence. And why? Because, O
Subhûti, I remember the past 500 births, when I was the Rishi Kshântivâdin
(preacher of endurance). At that time also, I had no idea of a self, of a being,
of a living being, of a person. Therefore then, O Subhûti, a noble-minded
Bodhisattva, after putting aside all ideas, should raise his mind to the highest
perfect knowledge. He should frame his mind so as not to believe (depend) in
form, sound, smell, taste, or anything that can be touched, in something (dharma),
in nothing or anything. And why? Because what is believed is not believed (not
to be depended on). Therefore the Tathâgata preaches: "A gift should
not be given by a Bodhisattva[1] who believes in anything, it should not be
given by one who believes in form, sound, smell, taste, or anything that can
be touched."
'And again, O Subhûti, a Bodhisattva should in such wise give his gift
for the benefit of all beings. And why? Because, O Subhûti, the idea of
a being is no-idea. And those who are thus spoken of by the Tathâgata
as all beings are indeed no-beings. And why? Because, O Subhûti, a Tathâgata
says what is real, says what is true, says the things as they are; a Tathâgata
does not speak untruth.
'But again, O Subhûti, whatever doctrine has been
[1. See before, chap. iv.]
{p. 129}
perceived, taught, and meditated on by a Tathâgata, in it there is neither
truth nor falsehood. And as a man who has entered the darkness would not see
anything, thus a Bodhisattva is to be considered who is immersed in objects,
and who being immersed in objects gives a gift. But as a man who has eyes would,
when the night becomes light, and the sun has risen, see many things, thus a
Bodhisattva is to be considered who is not immersed in objects, and who not
being immersed in objects gives a gift.
'And again, O Subhûti, if any sons or daughters of good families will
learn this treatise of the Law, will remember, recite, and understand it, and
fully explain it to others, they, O Subhûti, are known by the Tathâgata
through his Buddha-knowledge, they are seen, O Subhûti, by the Tathâgata
through his Buddha-eye. All these beings, O Subhûti, will produce and
hold fast an immeasurable and innumerable stock of merit.' (14)
XV.
'And if, O Subhûti, a woman or man sacrificed in the morning as many lives
as there are grains of sand in the river Gangâ and did the same at noon
and the same in the evening, and if in this way they sacrificed their lives
for a hundred thousands of niyutas of kotîs of ages, and if another, after
hearing this treatise of the Law, should not oppose it, then the latter would
on the strength of this produce a larger stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable.
What should we say then of him who after having written it, learns it, remembers
it, understands it, and fully explains it to others?
'And again, O Subhûti, this treatise of the Law is
{p. 130}
incomprehensible and incomparable. And this treatise of the Law has been preached
by the Tathâgata for the benefit of those beings who entered on the foremost
path (the path that leads to Nirvâna), and who entered on the best path.
And those who will learn this treatise of the Law, who will remember it, recite
it, understand it, and fully explain it to others, they are known, O Subhûti,
by the Tathâgata through his Buddha-knowledge, they are seen, O Subhûti,
by the Tathâgata through his Buddha-eye. All these beings, O Subhûti,
will be endowed with an immeasurable stock of merit, they will be endowed with
an incomprehensible, incomparable, immeasurable and unmeasured stock of merit.
All these beings, O Subhûti, will equally remember the Bodhi (the highest
Buddha-knowledge), will recite it, and understand it. And why? Because it is
not possible, O Subhûti, that this treatise of the Law should be heard
by beings of little faith, by those who believe in self, in beings, in living
beings, and in persons. It is impossible that this treatise of the Law should
be heard by beings who have not acquired the knowledge of Bodhisattvas, or that
it should be learned, remembered, recited, and understood by them. The thing
is impossible.
'And again, O Subhûti, that part of the world in which this Sûtra
will be propounded, will have to be honoured by the whole world of gods, men,
and evil spirits, will have to be worshipped, and will become like a Kaitya
(a holy sepulchre).' (15)
XVI.
And, O Subhûti, sons or daughters of a good family who will learn these
very Sûtras, who will
{p. 131}
remember them. recite them, understand them, thoroughly take them to heart,
and fully explain them to others, they will be overcome[1], they will be greatly
overcome. And why? Because, O Subhûti, whatever evil deeds these beings
have done in a former birth, deeds that must lead to suffering, those deeds
these beings, owing to their being overcome, after they have seen the Law, will
destroy, and they will obtain the knowledge of Buddha.
'I remember, O Subhûti, in the past, before innumerable and more than
innumerable kalpas, there were eighty-four hundred thousands of niyutas of kotîs
of Buddhas following after the venerable and fully enlightened Tathâgata
Dîpankara, who were pleased by me, and after being pleased were not displeased.
And if, O Subhûti, these blessed Buddhas were pleased by me, and after
being pleased were not displeased, and if on the other hand people at the last
time, at the last moment, in the last 500 years, during the time of the decay
of the good Law, will learn these very Sûtras, remember them, recite them,
understand them, and fully explain them to others, then, O Subhûti, in
comparison with their stock of merit that former stock of merit will not come
to one hundredth part, nay, not to one thousandth part, not to a hundred thousandth
part, not to a ten millionth part, not to a hundred millionth part, not to a
hundred thousand ten millionth part, not to a hundred thousands of niyutas ten
millionth part. It will not bear number, nor fraction, nor counting, nor comparison,
nor approach, nor analogy.
'And if, O Subhûti, I were to tell you the stock of
[1. Paribhûta is explained by despised, but the sense, or even the non-sense,
is difficult to understand.]
{p. 132}
merit of those sons or daughters of good families, and how large a stock of
merit those sons or daughters of good families will produce, and hold fast at
that time, people would become distracted and their thoughts would become bewildered.
And again, O Subhûti, as this treatise of the Law preached by the Tathâgata
is incomprehensible and incomparable, its rewards also must be expected (to
be) incomprehensible.' (16)
XVII.
At that time the venerable Subhûti thus spoke to the Bhagavat: 'How should
a person, after having entered on the path of the Bodhisattvas, behave, how
should he advance, and how should he restrain his thoughts?' Bhagavat said:
'He who has entered on the path of the Bodhisativas should thus frame his thought:
All beings must be delivered by me in the perfect world of Nirvâna; and
yet after I have thus delivered these beings, no being has been delivered. And
why? Because, O Subhûti, if a Bodhisattva had any idea of beings, he could
not be called a Bodhisattva, and so on[1] from the idea of a living being to
the idea of a person; if he had any such idea, he could not be called a Bodhisattva.
And why? Because, O Subhûti, there is no such thing (dharma) as one who
has entered on the path of the Bodhisattvas.
'What do you think, O Subhûti, is there anything which the Tathâgata
has adopted from the Tathâgata Dîpankara with regard to the highest
perfect knowledge? 'After this, the venerable Subhûti
[1. See chap. iii, p. 114.]
{p. 133}
spoke thus to the Bhagavat: 'As far as I, O Bhagavat, understand the meaning
of the preaching of the Bhagavat, there is nothing which has been adopted by
the Tathâgata from the holy and fully enlightened Tathâgata Dîpankara
with regard to the highest perfect knowledge.' After this, Bhagavat thus spoke
to the venerable Subhûti: 'So it is, Subhûti, so it is. There is
not, O Subhûti, anything which has been adopted by the Tathâgata
from the holy and fully enlightened Tathâgata Dîpankara with regard
to the highest perfect knowledge. And if, O Subhûti, anything had been
adopted by the Tathâgata, the Tathâgata Dîpankara would not
have prophesied of me, saying[1]: "Thou, O boy, wilt be in the future the
holy and fully enlightened Tathâgata called Sâkyamuni." Because
then, O Subhûti, there is nothing that has been adopted by the holy and
fully enlightened Tathâgata with regard to the highest perfect knowledge,
therefore I was prophesied by the Tathâgata Dîpankara, saying: "Thou,
boy, wilt be in the future the holy and fully enlightened Tathâgata called
Sâkyamuni."
'And why, O Subhûti, the name of Tathâgata? It expresses true suchness.
And why Tathâgata, O Subhûti? It expresses that he had no origin.
And why Tathâgata, O Subhûti? It expresses the destruction of all
qualities. And why Tathâgata, O Subhûti? It expresses one who had
no origin whatever. And why this? Because, O Subhûti, no-origin is the
highest goal.
'And whosoever, O Subhûti, should say that, by the holy and fully enlightened
Tathâgata, the highest
[1. This prophecy is supposed to have been addressed by Dîpankara to Sâkyamuni,
before he had become a Buddha.]
{p. 134}
perfect knowledge has been known, he would speak an untruth, and would slander
me, O Subhûti, with some untruth that he has learned. And why? Because
there is no such thing, O Subhûti, as has been known by the Tathâgata
with regard to the highest perfect knowledge. And in that, O Subhûti,
which has been known and taught by the Tathâgata, there is neither truth
nor falsehood. Thetefore the Tathâgata preaches: "All things are
Buddha-things." And why? Because what was preached by the Tathâgata,
O Subhûti, as all things, that was preached as no-things; and therefore
all things are called Buddha-things.
'Now, O Subhûti, a man might have a body and a large body.' The venerable
Subhûti said: That man who was spoken of by the Tathâgata as a man
with a body, with a large body, he, O Bhagavat, was spoken of by the Tathâgata
as without a body, and therefore he is called a man with a body and with a large
body.'
Bhagavat said: 'So it is, O Subhûti; and if a Bodhisattva were to say:
"I shall deliver all beings," he ought not to be called a Bodhisattva.
And why? Is there anything, O Subhûti, that is called a Bodhisattva?'
Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, Bhagavat, there is nothing which is called
a Bodhisattva.' Bhagavat said: 'Those who were spoken of as beings, beings indeed,
O Subhûti, they were spoken of as no-beings by the Tathâgata, and
therefore they are called beings. Therefore the Tathâgata says: "All
beings are without self all beings are without life, without manhood[1], without
a personality."
[1. Sans croissance, Harlez; see Childers, s.v. poriso.]
{p. 135}
'If, O Subhûti, a Bodhisattva were to say: "I shall create numbers
of worlds," he would say what is untrue. And why? Because, what were spoken
of as numbers of worlds, numbers of worlds indeed, O Subhûti, these were
spoken of as no-numbers by the Tathâgata, and therefore they are called
numbers of worlds.
'A Bodhisattva, O Subhûti, who believes that all things are without self,
that all things are without self, he has faith, he is called a noble-minded
Bodhisattva by the holy and fully enlightened Tathâgata.' (17)
XVIII.
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, has the Tathâgata
the bodily eye?' Subhûti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathâgata
has the bodily eye.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, has the Tathâgata
the heavenly eye?' Subhûti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathâgata
has the heavenly eye.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, has the Tathâgata
the eye of knowledge?' Subhûti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathâgata
has the eye of knowledge.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, has the Tathâgata
the eye of the Law?' Subhûti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathâgata
has the eye of the Law.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, has the Tathâgata
the eye of Buddha?' Subhûti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathâgata
has the eye of Buddha.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, as many grains of sand as
there are in the great river Gangâ--were they preached by the Tathâgata
{p. 136}
as grains of sand?' Subhûti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, so it is, O Sugata,
they were preached as grains of sand by the Tathâgata.' Bhagavat said:
'What do you think, O Subhûti, if there were as many Gangâ rivers
as there are grains of sand in the great river Gangâ; and, if there were
as many worlds as there are grains of sand in these, would these worlds be many?'
Subhûti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, so it is, O Sugata, these worlds
would be many.' Bhagavat said: 'As many beings as there are in all those worlds,
I know the manifold trains of thought of them all. And why? Because what was
preached as the train of thoughts, the train of thoughts indeed, O Subhûti,
that was preached by the Tathâgata as no-train of thoughts, and therefore
it is called the train of thoughts. And why? Because, O Subhûti, a past
thought is not perceived, a future thought is not perceived, and the present
thought is not perceived.' (18)
XIX.
'What do you think, O Subhûti, if a son or a daughter of a good family
should fill this sphere of a million millions of worlds with the seven treasures,
and give it as a gift to holy and fully enlightened Buddhas, would that son
or daughter of a good family produce on the strength of this a large stock of
merit?' Subhûti said: 'Yes, a large one.' Bhagavat said: 'So it is, Subhûti,
so it is; that son or daughter of a good family would produce on the strength
of this a large stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable. And why? Because
what was preached as a stock of merit, a stock of merit indeed, O Subhûti,
that was preached as no-stock
{p. 137}
of merit by the Tathâgata, and therefore it is called a stock of merit.
If, O Subhûti, there existed a stock of merit, the Tathâgata would
not have preached: "A stock of merit, a stock of merit indeed!"'(19)
XX.
'What do you think then, O Subhûti, is a Tathâgata to be seen (known)
by the shape of his visible body?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat,
a Tathâgata is not to be seen (known) by the shape of his visible body.
And why? Because, what was preached, O Bhagavat, as the shape of the visible
body, the shape of the visible body indeed, that was preached by the Tathâgata
as no-shape of the visible body, and therefore it is called the shape of the
visible body.'
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, should a Tathâgata
be seen (known) by the possession of signs?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed,
O Bhagavat, a Tathâgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession of
signs. And why? Because, what was preached by the Tathâgata as the possession
of signs, that was preached as no-possession of signs by the Tathâgata,
and therefore it is called the possession of signs.' (20)
XXI.
Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhûti, does the Tathâgata
think in this wise: The Law has been taught by me?' Subhûti said: 'Not
indeed, O Bhagavat, does the Tathâgata think in this wise: The Law has
been taught by me.' Bhagavat said: 'If a man should say that the Law has been
taught by the Tathâgata, he would say what is not true; he
{p. 138}
would slander me with untruth which he has learned. And why? Because, O Subhûti,
it is said the teaching of the Law, the teaching of the Law indeed. O Subhûti,
there is nothing that can be perceived by the name of the teaching of the Law.'
After this, the venerable Subhûti spoke thus to the Bhagavat: 'Forsooth,
O Bhagavat, will there be any beings in the future, in the last time, in the
last moment, in the last 500 years, during the time of the decay of the good
Law, who, when they have heard these very Laws, will believe?' Bhagavat said:
'These, O Subhûti, are neither beings nor no-beings. And why? Because,
O Subhûti, those who were preached as beings, beings indeed, they were
preached as no-beings by the Tathâgata, and therefore they are called
beings.' (2 1)
XXII.
'What do you think then, O Subhûti, is there anything which has been known
by the Tathâgata in the form of the highest perfect knowledge?' The venerable
Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, there is nothing, O Bhagavat, that
has been known by the Tathâgata in the form of the highest perfect knowledge.'
Bhagavat said: 'So it is, Subhûti, so it is. Even the smallest thing is
not known or perceived there, therefore it is called the highest perfect knowledge.'
(22)
XXIII.
'Also, Subhûti, all is the same there, there is no difference there, and
therefore it is called the highest perfect knowledge. Free from self, free from
being, free from life, free from personality, that
{p. 139}
highest perfect knowledge is always the same, and thus known with all good things.
And why? Because, what were preached as good things, good things indeed, O Subhûti,
they were preached as no-things by the Tathâgata, and therefore they are
called good things.' (23)
XXIV.
'And if, O Subhûti, a woman or man, putting together as many heaps of
the seven treasures as there are Sumerus, kings of mountains, in the sphere
of a million millions of worlds, should give them as a gift to holy and fully
enlightened Tathâgatas; and, if a son or a daughter of a good family,
after taking from this treatise of the Law, this Pragñâpâramitâ,
one Gâthâ of four lines only, should teach it to others, then, O
Subhûti, compared with his stock of merit, the former stock of merit would
not come to the one hundredth part,' &c.[1], till 'it will not bear an approach.'
(24)
XXV.
'What do you think then, O Subhûti, does a Tathâgatas think in this
wise: Beings have been delivered by me? You should not think so, O Subhûti.
And why? Because there is no being, O Subhûti, that has been delivered
by the Tathâgata. And, if there were a being, O Subhûti, that has
been delivered by the Tathâgatas, then the Tathâgata would believe
in self, believe in a being, believe in a living being, and believe in a person.
And what is called a belief in self, O Subhûti, that is preached
[1. As before, in chap. xvi.]
{p. 140}
as no-belief by the Tathâgata. And this is learned by children and ignorant
persons; and they who were preached as children and ignorant persons, O Subhûti,
were preached as no-persons by the Tathâgata, and therefore they are called
children and ignorant persons.' (25)
XXVI.
'What do you think then, O Subhûti, is the Tathâgata to be seen
(known) by the possession of signs?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat.
So far as I know the meaning of the preaching of the Bhagavat, the Tathâgata
is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs.' Bhagavat said: 'Good,
good, Subhûti, so it is, Subhûti; so it is, as you say; a Tathâgata
is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs. And why? Because, O Subhûti,
if the Tathâgata were to be seen (known) by the possession of signs, a
wheel-turning king also would be a Tathâgata[1]; therefore a Tathâgata
is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs.' The venerable Subhûti
spoke thus to the Bhagavat: 'As I understand the meaning of the preaching of
the Bhagavat, a Tathâgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession
of signs.' Then the Bhagavat at that moment preached these two Gâthâs:
They who saw me by form, and they who heard me by sound,
They engaged in false endeavours, will not see me.
[1. This probably refers to the auspicious signs discovered in Sâkyamuni
at his birth, which left it open whether he should become a king or a Buddha.]
{p. 141}
A Buddha is to be seen (known) from the Law; for the Lords (Buddhas) have the
Law-body;
And the nature of the Law cannot be understood, nor can it be made to be understood.
(26)
XXVII.
'What do you think then, O Subhûti, has the highest perfect knowledge
been known by the Tathâgata through the possession of signs? You should
not think so, O Subhûti. And why? Because, O Subhûti, the highest
perfect knowledge would not be known by the Tathâgata through the possession
of signs. Nor should anybody, O Subhûti, say to you that the destruction
or annihilation of any thing is proclaimed by those who have entered on the
path of the Bodhisattvas.' (27)
XXVIII.
'And if, O Subhûti, a son or a daughter of a good family were to fill
worlds equal to the number of grains of sand of the river Gangâ with the
seven treasures, and give them as a gift to holy and fully enlightened Tathâgatas;
and if a Bodhisattva acquired endurance in selfless and uncreated things, then
the latter will on the strength of this produce a larger stock of merit, immeasurable
and innumerable.
'But, O Subhûti, a stock of merit should not be appropriated by a noble-minded
Bodhisattva.' The venerable Subhûti said: 'Should a stock of merit, O
Bhagavat, not be appropriated by a Bodhisattva?' Bhagavat said: 'It should be
appropriated, O Subhûti; it should not be appropriated; and therefore
it is said: It should be appropriated.' (28)
{p. 142}
XXIX.
'And again, O Subhûti, if anybody were to say that the Tathâgata
goes, or comes, or stands, or sits, or lies down, he, O Subhûti, does
not understand the meaning of my preaching. And why? Because the word Tathâgata
means one who does not go to anywhere, and does not come from anywhere; and
therefore he is called the Tathâgata (truly come), holy and fully enlightened.'
(29)
XXX.
'And again, O Subhûti, if a son or a daughter of a good family were to
take as many worlds as there are grains of earth-dust in this sphere of a million
millions of worlds, and reduce them to such fine dust as can be made with immeasurable
strength, like what is called a mass of the smallest atoms, do you think, O
Subhûti, would that be a mass of many atoms?' Subhûti said: 'Yes,
Bhagavat, yes, Sugata, that would be a mass of many atoms. And why? Because,
O Bhagavat, if it were a mass of many atoms, Bhagavat would not call it a mass
of many atoms. And why? Because, what was preached as a mass of many atoms by
the Tathâgata, that was preached as no-mass of atoms by the Tathâgata;
and therefore it is called a mass of many atoms. And what was preached by the
Tathâgata as the sphere of a million millions of worlds, that was preached
by the Tathâgata as no-sphere of worlds; and therefore it is called the
sphere of a million millions of worlds. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, if there
were a sphere of worlds, there would exist a belief in matter; and what was
preached as a belief in matter by the Tathâgata, that was
{p. 143}
preached as no-belief by the Tathâgata; and therefore it is called a belief
in matter.' Bhagavat said: 'And a belief in matter itself, O Subhûti,
is unmentionable and inexpressible; it is neither a thing nor no-thing, and
this is known by children and ignorant persons.' (30)
XXXI.
'And why? Because, O Subhûti, if a man were to say that belief in self,
belief in a being, belief in life, belief in personality had been preached by
the Tathâgata, would he be speaking truly?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed,
Bhagavat, not indeed, Sugata; he would not be speaking truly. And why? Because,
O Bhagavat, what was preached by the Tathâgata as a belief in self, that
was preached by the Tathâgata as no-belief; therefore it is called belief
in self.'
Bhagavat said: 'Thus then, O Subhûti, are all things to be perceived,
to be looked upon, and to be believed by one who has entered on the path of
the Bodhisattvas. And in this wise are they to be perceived, to be looked upon,
and to be believed, that a man should believe neither in the idea of a thing
nor in the idea of a no-thing. And why? Because, by saying: The idea of a thing,
the idea of a thing indeed, it has been preached by the Tathâgata as no-idea
of a thing.' (31)
XXXII.
'And, O Subhûti, if a noble-minded Bodhisattva were to fill immeasurable
and innumerable spheres of worlds with the seven treasures, and give them as
a gift to holy and fully enlightened Tathâgatas;
{p. 144}
and if a son or a daughter of a good family, after taking from this treatise
of the Law, this Pragñâpâramitâ, one Gâthâ
of four lines only, should learn it, repeat it, understand it, and fully explain
it to others, then the latter would on the strength of this produce a larger
stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable. And how should he explain it?
As in the sky:
Stars, darkness, a lamp, a phantom, dew, a bubble.
A dream, a flash of lightning, and a cloud--thus we should look upon the world
(all that was made).
Thus he should explain; therefore it is said: He should explain.'
Thus spoke the Bhagavat enraptured. The elder Subhûti, and the friars,
nuns, the faithful laymen and women, and the Bodhisattvas also, and the whole
world of gods, men, evil spirits and fairies, praised the preaching of the Bhagavat.
(32)
Thus is finished the Diamond-cutter, the blessed Pragñâpâramitâ.